[Social perception of workplace sexual harassment in the healthcare system.] / Percepción social del acoso sexual laboral en el ámbito sanitario.

OBJECTIVE: Sexual violence against women is one of the most serious public health problems. Sexual violence cannot be eradicated without addressing the social attitudes that condone it. The objective of this study was to evaluate the social perception of sexual harassment in the workplace of the workers of a hospital in the Comunidad de Madrid. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on the perception of workplace sexual harassment in a sample of workers of the Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa in the Comunidad de Madrid, through an anonymous survey that collected sociodemographic variables and the Illinois Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Scale (ISHMA). A descriptive analysis of the variables and a comparison of means with ANOVA were performed. RESULTS: The survey had been completed by 243 employees (23,5% men; 44,9% workers between 25-35 years old). Statistically significant differences were found regarding gender in the average score of the ISHMA scale (p=0.002), with men presenting greater acceptance of the myths of sexual harassment (mean=2.0974; SD=1.09; n=57) compared to women (mean=2.7261; SD=0.68; n=184). However, in the rest of the variables (professional category [p=0.072], time worked [p=0.406] and age [p>0.251]) no statistically significant differences were found. 11% of the people surveyed considered that women can usually stop unrequested sexual attention by simply telling men that their behaviour is not appreciated. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of employees that denies the different forms of sexual harassment is high. However, some myths about sexual harassment are accepted.

OBJETIVO: La violencia sexual contra la mujer es uno de los problemas más graves de Salud Pública. Esta no puede erradicarse sin abordar las actitudes sociales que la toleran. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción social sobre el acoso sexual en el ámbito laboral de las personas trabajadoras de un hospital de la Comunidad de Madrid. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal sobre la percepción del acoso sexual laboral en una muestra de trabajadores del Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa de la Comunidad de Madrid, a través de una encuesta anónima que recogió variables sociodemográficas y la Escala validada de Illinois de Aceptación del Mito del Acoso Sexual (ISHMA). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables y una comparación de medias con ANOVA. RESULTADOS: La encuesta la completaron 243 trabajadores (23,5% hombres; 44,9% tenía entre 25-35 años). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al género en la puntuación media de la escala ISHMA (p=0,002), presentando lo hombres mayor aceptación de los mitos del acoso sexual (media=2,0974; DT=1,09; n= 57) respecto a las mujeres (media=2,7261; DT=0,68; n=184). No obstante, en el resto de las variables (categoría profesional [p=0,072], tiempo trabajado [p=0,406] y edad [p>0,251]) no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Un 11% de las personas encuestadas consideraba que las mujeres pueden hacer que los hombres dejen de fijarse sexualmente en ellas si estas les piden que dejen de hacerlo. CONCLUSIONES: El porcentaje de trabajadores que rechaza las distintas formas de acoso sexual es alto. Sin embargo, existen algunos mitos sobre acoso sexual que son bastante aceptados.

Percepción social del acoso sexual laboral en el ámbito sanitario / Social perception of workplace sexual harassment in the healthcare system

Fundamentos: La violencia sexual contra la mujer es uno de los problemas más graves de Salud Pública. Esta no puede erradicarse sin abordar las actitudes sociales que la toleran. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción social sobre el acososexual en el ámbito laboral de las personas trabajadoras de un hospital de la Comunidad de Madrid. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal sobre la percepción del acoso sexual laboral en una muestra de trabajadores del Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa de la Comunidad de Madrid, a través de una encuesta anónima que recogió variablessociodemográficas y la Escala validada de Illinois de Aceptación del Mito del Acoso Sexual (ISHMA). Se realizó un análisis descriptivode las variables y una comparación de medias con ANOVA. Resultados: La encuesta la completaron 243 trabajadores (23,5% hombres; 44,9% tenía entre 25-35 años). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al género en la puntuación media de la escala ISHMA (p=0,002), presentando lo hombres mayor aceptación de los mitos del acoso sexual (media=2,0974; DT=1,09; n= 57) respecto a las mujeres (media=2,7261; DT=0,68;n=184). No obstante, en el resto de las variables (categoría profesional [p=0,072], tiempo trabajado [p=0,406] y edad [p>0,251]) no seencontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Un 11% de las personas encuestadas consideraba que las mujeres puedenhacer que los hombres dejen de fijarse sexualmente en ellas si estas les piden que dejen de hacerlo. Conclusiones: El porcentaje de trabajadores que rechaza las distintas formas de acoso sexual es alto. Sin embargo, existenalgunos mitos sobre acoso sexual que son bastante aceptados.(AU)

Background: Sexual violence against women is one of the most serious public health problems. Sexual violence cannot beeradicated without addressing the social attitudes that condone it. The objective of this study was to evaluate the social perceptionof sexual harassment in the workplace of the workers of a hospital in the Comunidad de Madrid. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on the perception of workplace sexual harassment in a sample ofworkers of the Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa in the Comunidad de Madrid, through an anonymous survey that collected sociodemographic variables and theIllinois Sexual Harassment Myth Acceptance Scale (ISHMA). A descriptive analysis of the variables and acomparison of means with ANOVA were performed. Results: The survey had been completed by 243 employees (23,5% men; 44,9% workers between 25-35 years old). Statisticallysignificant differences were found regarding gender in the average score of the ISHMA scale (p=0.002), with men presenting greateracceptance of the myths of sexual harassment (mean=2.0974; SD=1.09; n=57) compared to women (mean=2.7261; SD=0.68; n=184). However, in the rest of the variables (professional category [p=0.072], time worked [p=0.406] and age [p>0.251]) no statistically significant differences were found. 11% of the people surveyed considered that women can usually stop unrequested sexual attention bysimply telling men that their behaviour is not appreciated.Conclusions: The percentage of employees that denies the different forms of sexual harassment is high. However, some mythsabout sexual harassment are accepted.(AU)

[Preventive activities in women. PAPPS update 2022]. / Actividades preventivas en la mujer. Actualización PAPPS 2022.

In the 2022 PAPPS update we present those specific preventive activities for women's health, except those related to cancer prevention (which are included in another document) and those aspects related to differential gender morbidity, a cross-cutting aspect for all working groups. Contraception is an essential preventive activity, considering basic the right to decide both the number of children and the time to have them. We must inform about the possible contraceptive methods, guaranteeing the monitoring of their safety, efficacy and effectiveness (tables are included on changing from one method to another to preserve contraceptive protection). We must inform about emergency contraception and propose it in the event of unprotected intercourse. All this will be done through opportunistic screening without requiring screening for thrombophilia or dyslipidemia, but for arterial hypertension. Pregnancy is an important life experience and the family doctor should not remain oblivious. We must be competent both in the preconception consultation (recommending the intake of folic acid, avoiding exposure to occupational and environmental risks, screening for certain pathologies and assessing the intake of drugs not indicated during pregnancy) and in the monitoring of pregnancy. Whether or not we monitor the pregnancy, we must not disregard its control, taking advantage of this period to promote healthy lifestyles and participating in the intercurrent processes that may occur. Menopause in general and osteoporosis in particular exemplify the strategy of medicalization of vital processes that has been followed from different instances and organizations. In our update we address the prevention and treatment of symptoms secondary to estrogen deprivation. We also propose the prevention of osteoporosis, including carrying out densitometry based on the risk of fracture in the next 10 years, and therefore densitometric screening is not recommended in women under 60 years of age. In risk assessment we recommend the use of the frax tool or better, the calibration of the risk of hip fracture with prevalence data from our setting. We linked the indication for treatment with the Z-Score (bone mineral density compared with women of the same age), as it is a condition associated with aging.

[Overdiagnosis in women's health: The case of osteoporosis]. / Sobrediagnóstico en la salud de la mujer: el caso de la osteoporosis.

In 1994, the World Health Organisation established osteoporosis criteria based on bone mineral density (in terms of T-Score), granting a risk factor the category of disease. Given that it has a low positive predictive value of fractures when applied to low-risk populations, its use as a screening test is controversial because it favours overdiagnosis due to the false labelling of the disease it produces. In the coming years, the indication of densitometry will be made based on the absolute risk of fracture. This is the criterion adopted by the PAPPS (Programa de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud or Programme for Preventive Activities and the Promotion of Health), which proposes as part of its latest recommendations the use of the Z-score instead of the T-Score, as a densitometric evaluation criterion, in a clear effort to fight against overdiagnosis.

Sobrediagnóstico en la salud de la mujer: el caso de la osteoporosis / Overdiagnosis in women's health: The case of osteoporosis

En 1994, la Organización Mundial de la Salud estableció criterios de osteoporosis en función de la densidad mineral ósea (en términos de T score) otorgando a un factor de riesgo la categoría de enfermedad. Dado que tiene un escaso valor predictivo positivo de fracturas cuando se aplica a poblaciones de bajo riesgo, su uso como prueba de cribado es controvertido al favorecer el sobrediagnóstico por el falso etiquetado de enfermedad que produce. La indicación de densitometría se hará en función del riesgo absoluto de fractura en los próximos años. Este es el criterio adoptado por el Programa de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud que en sus últimas recomendaciones propone la utilización de la Z-score en lugar de T-score, como criterio de valoración densitométrico, en un claro esfuerzo por luchar contra el sobrediagnóstico

In 1994, the World Health Organisation established osteoporosis criteria based on bone mineral density (in terms of T-Score), granting a risk factor the category of disease. Given that it has a low positive predictive value of fractures when applied to low-risk populations, its use as a screening test is controversial because it favours overdiagnosis due to the false labelling of the disease it produces. In the coming years, the indication of densitometry will be made based on the absolute risk of fracture. This is the criterion adopted by the PAPPS (Programa de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud or Programme for Preventive Activities and the Promotion of Health), which proposes as part of its latest recommendations the use of the Z-score instead of the T-Score, as a densitometric evaluation criterion, in a clear effort to fight against overdiagnosis